Wilfred Owen Poetry Analysis - 744 Words

Composers utilize sensory imagery to place the reader in a world where they can experience and understand the poet’s perspective. This is clearly depicted in Wilfred Owen’s poetry where he portrays his horrific war experiences, thus providing his poems with an unsettling tone. This idea is evident in Owen’s war poems â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est† (1920) and â€Å"Insensibility† (1918). Throughout these poems, Owen employs sensory imagery to allow the reader to envision the horrors facing the soldiers, both physically and emotionally. This subsequently results in an unsettling tone, compounded with the dehumanisation of the soldiers. Wilfred Owen employs sensory imagery to capture the horrifying nature of the soldiers’ deaths, making the poetry†¦show more content†¦An unsettling tone is furthered by Owen with his use of sensory imagery that is able to capture the dehumanisation of soldiers during the war. This manifests in Owen’s poem â€Å"Insensibility†, where Owen gives insight into the shocking way the soldiers are treated. Clearly depicted in the first stanza, â€Å"Men, gaps for filling†. The metonymy of the soldiers as gaps in the front line demean the men as they have become expendable. This horrific truth that the soldiers have been dehumanised to the point of being pawns gives the reader an unsettling sense. The next sentence of the poem further demonstrates this idea, â€Å"Losses, who might have fought longer; but no one bothers†. The collective pronoun neglects the soldiers as real humans by remembering them only as â€Å"losses†, this dehumanisatio n of the soldiers after they die further pushes this unsettling tone. Moreover, the fact that these â€Å"losses† may have been prolonged, but â€Å"no one bothers†, is extremely unsettling. Owen uses direct language to portray the indifference towards the soldier’s deaths. Their deaths are insignificant as they are expendable and because of this the soldiers have been dehumanised. Therefore, Owen further develops this unsettling feeling in the reader by displaying the dehumanisation of the soldiers. Likewise, Owen creates an unsettling tone by using sensory imagery to position the reader to experience the degrading effect war has on soldiers. In Owen’s poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum est†,Show MoreRelatedWilfred Owen Techniques1135 Words   |  5 PagesWilfred Owens war poetry Good morning/afternoon teacher and peers, Wilfred Owen was born in 1893 in Oswestry (United Kingdom). He wanted to be a poet from the age of nineteen although most of his famous work is that which he wrote in his years spent in the war where he died in 1918. The preface to Owens poetry read: â€Å"This book is not about heroes. English poetry is not yet fit to speak of them. Nor is it about deeds, or lands, nor anything about glory, honour, might, majesty, dominionRead MoreCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy1660 Words   |  7 PagesEng 432 Outline Critical Analysis of Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy I. Introduction: 1. Introducing what is going to be discussed in the paper (analysis of Arms and the Boy , its relation to one of Owens poem). 2. Thesis Statement : Wilfred Owens poem Arms and the Boy can be discussed to represent the horror of war. II. Body: 1. Owen was a soldier and a modern poet who was known as anti-war poet. A. A summary of Owens poetry in general . B. His representation of the horror of war in hisRead MoreWilfred Owen : The Greatest English Poet During The First World War Poem Summary1358 Words   |  6 Pages Wilfred Owen Wilfred Owen is recognized as the greatest English poet during the First World War. Wilfred Owen notable poems contains the lives and historical records. He wrote out of his intense personal experience as a soldier and wrote with unrivalled power of the physical, moral and psychological trauma of the First World War. From the early age of nineteen, Wilfred Owen wanted to become a poet and immersed himself in poetry, being specially impressed by Keats and Shelly. Wilfred Owen himselfRead MoreAnalysis Of Wilfred Owen s Poem Dulce Et Decorum Est1692 Words   |  7 Pagesback to the Poetry and Society unit of the literature topic. We are moving on from last week’s poetry type, American slam and we are now studying Protest and Resistance poetry. The protest poem ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’, written by Wilfred Owen, challenges the dominant World War One ideologies of militarism and nationalism. You will find that this poem is a great example as it defies the dominant values and beliefs of war in Britain. Wilfred Owen Let’s discuss the poet. Wilfred Owen was one of theRead MoreCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† Wilfred Owen’s poem â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, is a powerful poem with graphical lifelike images on the reality of war. It is blatantly apparent that the author was a soldier who experienced some of the most gruesome images of war. His choice of words, diction, tone, syntax, and metaphor’s paint a vivid picture in a brilliant poem. His choice for the poem’s name is ironical in itself. The entire phrase is â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est Pro patriaRead MoreHot and Cold: Warmth in Poetry Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesHot and Cold: Warmth in Poetry Poetry is one of the more mysterious denizens of the literary world. A poem can be anything, from a three-lined poem known as a haiku to a giant epic poem like the â€Å"The Odyssey.† They can be rhyming or non-rhyming, long or short, sensible or nonsensical. Even lyrics in songs can be considered poetry, seeing as how they are rhyming and flow so well. The parameters for a poem are wide, the requirements few; but no matter what style or author you read, from Homer to DoctorRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est and Ninety Years Ago952 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry Analysis Rupert McCall and Wilfred Owens are two very different poets, from two very different times, with two very different poems. The two poems give very different messages about the poet’s opinion of war and conflict. Ninety Years Ago is a poem written by Rupert McCall in 2005 about the legend of the ANZACs. The poem was written to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the Gallipoli campaign. Dulce Est Decorum Et was written by Owen Wilfred in 1917 about Owens experiences in WW1. Owen wroteRead More An Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s Strange Meeting Essays1788 Words   |  8 PagesAn Analysis of Wilfred Owen’s Strange Meeting Analysis of a working manuscript for Wilfred Owens Strange Meeting provides the student with insight into the creative process. Owens original wording coupled with his subsequent revisions illuminate how he may have intended the poem to be understood by the reader. Owens revisions show a determination to accomplish three apparent objectives. First, Owen paid close attention to the connotative meanings inherent in his diction. Equally as importantRead MoreEssay on A Comparison of World War I Poetry2088 Words   |  9 PagesLiterature and poetry are a reflection of society. The words are reflected in numerous feelings that we can almost touch and can be deeply felt in its reach. Most poets expressed their perception and emotion through their writings. Unfortunately the art and poetry describes one of the worst things that human can do to one another. The legalized murder called war. Hence, this type of self-reflection called poetry has help create new fundamental ideas and values tow ards our society. In this essayRead MoreComparison Between Ode to a Nightingale and Disabled1191 Words   |  5 Pagespoetic techniques and powerful visual imagery, Keats conveys universal concerns and values of immortality of art and the mortality of humans through the compilation of the themes of mortality, nature and transience. â€Å"Disabled† by the modernist poet, Wilfred Owen projects numerous sensual metaphors to evoke emotional responses of traumatic war experiences. â€Å"Disabled† has transcended barriers of time to pursue concerns and values through the compilation of themes and emotions of unseen scars, human mortality

How Drug And Human Trafficking Differ From Traditional...

but this could possibly happen in areas like Munro’s ‘borderlands’, the Golden Triangle, or other places within Southeast Asia. How drug and human trafficking differ from traditional security threats are that unlike traditional external military threats which represent a state or a force, transnational traffickers are a part of a globalise network of groups and individuals. Discussed in the previous paragraph, people that are a part of the trafficking industry range from everyday people and businessmen, to criminal groups; with the only relation they have to each other is the commodity they smuggle. Because of this and the illicit market drive of demand and supply, traditional means of increasing police, destroy criminal groups, and increasing illegal trafficking penalties does little to reduce the demand and supply. In order to reduce the flow of trafficked commodities, states should reduce the supply and demand of the illicit industries. This essay will now discuss the state security challenges of corruption. Corruption is an important factor necessary for smuggling illicit commodities transnationally. Both Munro and Phil Williams support this in their texts, with Williams stating that, corruption is a ‘lubricant which allows organised criminal organisations to operate with maximum effectiveness’. As discussed in the previous paragraph, the drug industry provides large amounts of funds to illicit groups. These funds can be used to pay off state officials to notShow MoreRelatedChallenges Of Transnational Organized Crime1260 Words   |  6 Pagessome threats transnational organised crime have to Southeast Asian states. By comparing to traditional security paradigm threats, this essay will argue that in order for states to combat transnational organised crime, they must consider and use traditional and non-traditional means. First, this essay will present the security paradigm of traditional security. 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Polarity and Polarity Management free essay sample

aplan University Abstract This paper explores and provides an insight on the Marketplace Business Fundamentals simulation, polarity and polarity management in detail. It proceeds to discuss how polarity and polarity management relates to the management of the Marketplace Business Fundamentals simulation. The paper focuses on a particular polarity cost and quality that can exist In the Marketplace Business Fundamentals simulation by providing an overview and step processes on how to manage it. It uses credible sources and an accurately completed polarity map with comprehensive explanations to help In understand the polarity (cost and quality) and polarity management. I OF5 The Marketplace Business Fundamentals simulation is a team orientated project that entails the team members to cooperate with one another so as to make crucial business decisions. To most, this simulation is perceived as an insightful tool that teaches various people from all walks of life that do not necessarily have the same business perspective to be able to work cooperatively together. We will write a custom essay sample on Polarity and Polarity Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With this said, in ost organizations; there are certain competing values that need each other over time in order to achieve a greater purpose and they are referred to as polarities; thus these polarities have to be managed effectively and efficiently. There are several common types of polarities that may be found in an organization; in the Marketplace Business Fundamental simulation the team is faced with a few polarities like; planning and taking action, decentralization and centralization, critical analysis and encouragement, cost and quality. To elaborate further on the polarities and polarity anagement identified in the Marketplace Business Fundamentals one has to explain polarity and polarity management in full, in doing so, a question arises; what is polarity and polarity management? Polarities are defined as interdependent opposites that function at its peak when both are present to balance with each other and occur quite naturally in almost every business organizations (Welp). Barry Johnsons book Polarity Management: Identifying and Managing Unsolvable Problem, he proposes that many issues we define as problems to be solved are actually polarities which have interdependence and need to be managed not solved. They are pressing issues that need to be dealt with due to the fact that it cannot exist independently, it would also entail more support for the initial issue. However, polarities should not be confused as problems because they cannot be fixed rather, they can only be managed. Most organizations are with an array of perplexing problems and to ensure the smooth running of things, it is their Job to appropriately pinpoint and categorize these problems; this is known as polarity management. A potent way to pursue this unique approach is by utilizing a set of principles and tools. Polarity management is usually used when there is a problem that involves two poles that are interdependent. This useful tool is used in pinpointing, understanding and managing difficulties that creates the most of polarities to take advantage of positives and diminish negativities. It can be a very powerful tool when used at the right place and time but one has to determine what the polarity is, what solution would be suitable, where the solution is required, and a proper strategy to get to a they are: Outline the Issue/polarity Identify key stakeholders Create a polarity map Understand how polarities work Assess how well this polarity is working Develop a plan and early warnings to manage this polarity In the Marketplace Business Fundamentals simulation, a polarity that poses a greater challenge is cost and quality. The main goal in the simulation is to start a new company that will enter the microcomputer business and the team members have to make critical business decisions that will enable the company to thrive and be the best competitor in the marketplace. To ensure that the goals are reached successfully, the management staff/company has to make decisions like they would in the real world. Like most business, a strong mission statement is required so as to gain the trust of the customers and we can go about this by simply reviewing the needs of the companys target markets and in our case, Workhouse and Travelers; both want high quality and affordable prices. When we review the needs of the customers, creating a mission statement should be easy. The key to success of any business is to give the customers what they want. This can also be achieved by reviewing the needs of the customers; so questions like, do they want a low cost or do they want high quality computers? How can the company achieve this without putting themselves at a disadvantage and at the same time pleasing the customers? The strategy to successfully managing this polarity is to try to balance a lower cost with a higher quality relative to what the market is demanding. The company has to keep in mind that they need to focus on how they can achieve a high level of quality computers whilst keeping the cost of the product relatively low instead of concentrating on how changing one polarity will affect the other; this is where the 6- step process of managing polarity come into play but first, we start by defining the ssue which is cost and quality. The company needs to achieve the production of high quality computers with low costs. Then we identify the stakeholders and in our case it is Workhouse and Travelers. Then we go ahead to create a polarity map which is provided below. The Polarity Map Market Leader 1. Larger target market 2. Larger profit margin 1. Cutting edge 2. Innovative 3. Competitive 4. Cost Quality Expensive Smaller target market smaller profit margin Poor quality Lack of innovation Not competitive Definite Failure The polarity map identifies the upsides and downside of each pole which leads to a hole picture of the polarity to be managed. The upside of this polarity is that the company becomes a market leader while the downside is that the company is bound to fail. On the upper left column, the benefits of cost are listed while the detriments are listed on the bottom left column. The upper right column shows the benefits of producing a higher quality product and the bottom column shows its detriments. After creating the polarity map, the company (management stafO has to really understand the whole concept behind polarity keeping in mind that they are interdependent opposites. Then the next step is to assess how this polarity is work and finally, develop a plan that will successfully manage this polarity. The strategy to manage the polarity is to think outside the box, figuring out ways to look to process improvements, materials, human resources, and marketing to cut cost that will permit the company to increase the quality of product in pursuit of being a market leader and best competitor in the marketplace. When a company embraces polarity management one not only sees things coming together but also advancing with hange and taking advantage of new opportunities while at the same time embracing knowledge and experience that can only come with stability and traditions.

The transformation of Chillingworth Essay Example For Students

The transformation of Chillingworth Essay It is said that the desire for revenge will turn a mans heart to evil. This is true in Nathaniel Hawthornes The scarlet Letter when Roger Prynne becomes consumed with revenge for the defilement of his marriage vowels. His quest for revenge took hold of his heart and eventually turned him in to a demon. He no longer could comprehend the difference between good and evil. He merely sought revenge and did everything he could to get it. He tried to play God. In the process, he became a devil. The transformation of Roger Prynne starts with the first meeting with his wife. The first sign of change is in his name to Chillingworth, which sounds far from friendly. He did this because he did not want others to know who he was. This was the first step in his plan for revenge. Once he saw his wife holding the baby, he was consumed with anger. He felt that the only way to find out what man had committed this adulteress act with his wife. If he had shown himself as who he was, he could not earn the trust of the adulterer. As Chillingworth, however, he could be a third party that could earn the trust of all. He bears no letter of infamy wrought into his garment, as thou dost; but I shall read it on his heart. Chillingworth knows that he is the one that will be the one that will be punished in the afterlife, not Hester. Not thy soul. No, not thine!Chillingworth begins his search for the one who he wishes to destroy. It quickly becomes apparent that he might already know it is the min ister Dimmesdale. He begins to get close to him. He tries to act like a friend and physician. He wants Dimmesdale to feel that he can confide in him. Pearl alludes to what Chillingworth is becoming as she speaks to her mother, Hester. Come away, or yonder old Black Man will catch you! He hath got hold of the minister already. Pearl realizes that Chillingworth is slowly gaining control of Dimmesdales mind. He is slowly driving the minister mad. He would have many conversations with the priest, always about sins. He was being a constant reminder to the sin. Roger often alluded that he knew what Dimmesdale had done. Dimmesdale, who did not where the scarlet A on his chest, was being eaten away by the guilt he felt. It appears that it was easier on Hester because she was eventually forgiven by the townsfolk for her sin. Dimmesdale could never receive this forgiveness. With Chillingworth as a constant reminder, Dimmesdale had no other option than to lose control of his mind. Chillingwort hs plan for revenge was this slow torture. He ate away at the ministers soul, making him believe he was the ultimate sinner. This plan of attack is psychological rather than physical abuse. By indirect references, he could successfully cause a great deal of agony. One such occasion is a conversation of mens hidden sins. Chillingworth tires to get Dimmesdale to reveal his secret. He claims that he must know what ails him if he is to give Dimmesdale medical treatment that will work. Dimmesdale cries out that he will not reveal his secret to Chillingworth. An earthly physicianI commit myself to the one Physician of the soulBut who art thou, that meddlest in this matter? That dares thrust himself between the sufferer and his God? As the men run from the room Chillingworth smiles at his success. He has just proven to himself that he has found the right man. As Chillingworth becomes more and more evil, his physical appearance changes as well. He begins as a hideous looking man. This is d ue to his savage costumes from living with the Indians. He quickly reverts back to a civilized, intellectual manner. Even when he is dressed as a civilized man however, he is still not a sight to behold. He was a thin man with a hunch. His eyes were worn and tired. Yet, in these eyes, there was an intensity that testified to his vow for revenge. He also looked as if he were an old man despite his age. As the story progresses, Hester notices a change in his physical appearance. He had lost his look of an intellectual. It was replaced with a look of pure evil. His eyes seem to testify to a flaming soul on the inside. But the former aspect of an intellectual and studious man, calm and quiet, which was she best remembered in him, had altogether vanished, and then succeeded by eager, searching, almost fierce, yet carefully guarded look.there came a glare of red light out of his eyes; as if the old mans soul were on fire, kept on smoldering duskily within his breast, until by some casual puff of passion, it was blown into a momentary flame. In a word, old Roger Chillingworth was a striking evidence of mans faculty of transforming himself into a devil, if he will only, for a reasonable space of time, undertake a devils office. Chillingworth becomes more and more evil and his attacks hold a stronger effect on the minister. Chillingworth becomes more of a demon with time. Hawthorne refers to him as a poor forlorn creaturemore wretched than his victim. It is obvious that his life is consumed with this desire for revenge. When Dimmesdale confesses, Chillingworths only reason for living is ended. Dimmesdale has escaped his tortured life through confessing. In doing so, he has ended the ability of Chillingworth to control him. Chillingworths sole purpose in life was to be evil towards Dimmesdale. Since he could no longer do this, his remaining few years were not those of a man. He was merely a shriveled up body that died a fews years after its soul had. .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7 , .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7 .postImageUrl , .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7 , .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7:hover , .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7:visited , .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7:active { border:0!important; } .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7:active , .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7 .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7b08783b6c3705e93a62d51c4cc77ab7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Big Data Architecture, Goals and Challenges Essay We will write a custom essay on The transformation of Chillingworth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Bibliography:

Free Essays on On David Hume And Rene Descartes

On David Hume and Rene Descartes â€Å"There are more things in heaven and Earth than dreamt of in your philosophy† (Shakespeare, 211). This quote from William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark presents quite an idea. It suggests that in our modern philosophy we have not even began to scratch the surface of what causes the nature of things around us. Our philosophy is centered on the idea of cause and effect or interaction with the external world or for some philosophers being aware of certain and necessary truths. Descartes focus on the concept of methodological doubt and the concept of innate knowledge and oppose against Hume’s experimental knowledge and cause effect relations. From my perspective whether a person realizes it, every standpoint that they argue from is based on a cause and/or its effect. There isn’t necessarily anything wrong with this, but most people don’t bother to analyze what the true connection is between a cause and it’s effec t. David Hume does an outstanding job of presenting a point of view that many people do not consider at all. He asks what is this connection and what makes us impose this connection immediately. If all of our findings are based on causes and their effects, and yet, we do not completely understand the connection between the latter, then how can we presume to hold our finding absolutely certain? Maybe this is partly what Shakespeare was hinting in his quote. Hume’s exploration of the matter of cause and effect is an excellent tool for use in understanding the possibilities and limitations of our â€Å"matter of fact† knowledge and a strong counter argument while trying to understand Descartes’ certain and necessary truths. Hume begins his paper by pointing out that humans are essentially ignorant to the world around them. Everything that we understand is based on someone else’s findings or research. Hume points out that on his own, with no inpu... Free Essays on On David Hume And Rene Descartes Free Essays on On David Hume And Rene Descartes On David Hume and Rene Descartes â€Å"There are more things in heaven and Earth than dreamt of in your philosophy† (Shakespeare, 211). This quote from William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark presents quite an idea. It suggests that in our modern philosophy we have not even began to scratch the surface of what causes the nature of things around us. Our philosophy is centered on the idea of cause and effect or interaction with the external world or for some philosophers being aware of certain and necessary truths. Descartes focus on the concept of methodological doubt and the concept of innate knowledge and oppose against Hume’s experimental knowledge and cause effect relations. From my perspective whether a person realizes it, every standpoint that they argue from is based on a cause and/or its effect. There isn’t necessarily anything wrong with this, but most people don’t bother to analyze what the true connection is between a cause and it’s effec t. David Hume does an outstanding job of presenting a point of view that many people do not consider at all. He asks what is this connection and what makes us impose this connection immediately. If all of our findings are based on causes and their effects, and yet, we do not completely understand the connection between the latter, then how can we presume to hold our finding absolutely certain? Maybe this is partly what Shakespeare was hinting in his quote. Hume’s exploration of the matter of cause and effect is an excellent tool for use in understanding the possibilities and limitations of our â€Å"matter of fact† knowledge and a strong counter argument while trying to understand Descartes’ certain and necessary truths. Hume begins his paper by pointing out that humans are essentially ignorant to the world around them. Everything that we understand is based on someone else’s findings or research. Hume points out that on his own, with no inpu...

Contemporary Issue on Aesthetic Labour in Hospitality Essays

Contemporary Issue on Aesthetic Labour in Hospitality Essays Contemporary Issue on Aesthetic Labour in Hospitality Paper Contemporary Issue on Aesthetic Labour in Hospitality Paper Service jobs now account for around three quarters of all jobs in the UK, with retail and hospitality alone providing nearly five million jobs (Hospitality Training Foundation, 2003; University of Warwick, 2004). Organization in the hospitality industry vary enormously, ranging from first class and luxury hotels providing extravagant, full 24-hour service to the more homely comforts of a bed and breakfast establishment; from fast food restaurants to Michelin starred restaurant. In turn, the jobs provided by these organizations demand a variety of skills and attributes from those employees interacting with customers. Increasingly, though, there is an appreciation that employees in these jobs not only provide desired levels of service in terms of responding to customers in a friendly and sociable manner but can also be part of the branding of service companies by becoming, in words of Zeithaml and Bitner (2003, 318), ‘walking billboards’. Witz, Warhurst and Nickson (2003: 44) point out that, for many companies, employees have become part of this branding exercise, with ‘aesthetic labourers †¦ the animate component of the material culture that makes up the corporate landscape’. Aesthetic labour is a concept based on the notion that employers in parts of the service industries described as the ‘style labour market’ (Nickson, Warhurst and Dutton, 2004: 3), such as boutique hotels, designer retailers and style cafes, bars and restaurants, require ‘aesthetic skills’ in addition to social and technical skills from their workers (Warhurst and Nickson, 2005). The genesis of aesthetic labour as a concept lays in early 1990s of newspaper job advertisements that stipulated the attractiveness of applicants as recruitment and selection criteria in the hospitality industry. The term ‘aesthetic labour’ is analytically complex. It refers to the hiring of people with certain capacities and attributes that favourably appeal to customers and which are then developed through training and/ or monitoring. It has become translated in the popular imagination as those people who are employed on the basis of ‘looking good’ and/ or ‘sounding right’. In its tabloidized form, along with sexism, racism and ageism, ‘lookism’ is now offered as one of the key issues of the contemporary workplace (Oaff, 2003). Further analysis of the definition of aesthetics reveals another close relation of the spiritual self with aesthetic labour. The definition proposed by Greek philosopher aisthanomai meaning â€Å"perception by mean of the senses and danaher, shiprato and webb (2000: 161) cite â€Å"the art of the self†. The constituent of the spiritual essence of self constitute the mind, emotion, senses which are spiritual aspect in the formation of personality, attitude and appearance apparently expressed in the process of self presentation. This is the relative aspect of the spiritual self, manifesting aesthetic presentation of self. The definition clearly implies development of self is an art associated with the mind. LOCATING AND EXTENDING THE EVIDENCE FOR AESTHETIC LABOUR In hospitality, organizations too have been concerned with their workers’ labour of aesthetic both in the past and the present. The mobilization of this labour is increasingly a corporate strategy, less ad hoc and more systematic, for some hospitality employers, featuring in their hiring and management of employees. Aiming to portray a company image and create an appealing service encounter for the customers, employers in hospitality are increasingly drawing upon the corporeal skills of their workplace. Employees, for example, are hired because of the way they look and talk; once employed, staff are instructed how to stand whilst working, what to wear and how to wear it and even what to say to customer. Aesthetic labour is the mobilization, development and commodification of embodied dispositions. These disposition, are form of embodied capacities and attributes, are to an extent possessed by worker at the point of entry to employment. However, and importantly, employers then mobilize, develop and commodify these dispositions though processes of recruitment, selection, training, monitoring, discipline and reward, reconfiguring them as skills intended to produce a style of service encounter that appeals to the senses of customers, most usually visually or aurally. In other words, distinct modes of worker embodiment are organizationally prescribed and produced for corporate benefit, with these workers becoming ‘aesthetic labours’. RECRUITMENT, SELECTION AND TRAINING THE AESTHETIC LABOUR Generally for much interactive service work, studies consistently report high levels of informality in recruitment and selection, including things such as word of mouth, referrals and casual callers, especially in the hospitality industry. (Lockyer and Scholarios, 2004) Moreover, in customer service work, recruitment and selection is more likely to be based on people’s social and aesthetic skills rather than technical skills (Scottish Centre for Employment Research, 2004). Thus, managers’ preference for recruitment and selection in service work has tended to focus of the attitude and appearance of applicants, or their personality and increasingly their image and self-presentation. The trend for employers to choose staff based on their personal appearance and speech is particularly prevalent in the rapidly expanding service sector, where workers usually have direct contact with the public. For example, in a survey of skill needs in hotels, restaurants, pubs and bars, 85 percent of employers ranked personal presentation and above initiative, communication skills or even ability to follow instructions. Additionally, jobs ads for the hospitality sectors regularly ask for people who are stylish, outgoing, attractive or trendy and well-spoken and of smart appearance (Worklife Report, 2001). But as the economy shifts toward â€Å"high touch† jobs the trend is spreading to the wider job market. More and more employers are looking for staff who are pleasing to the eye and ear and who reflect their company image (Worklife Report, 2001). The employers believed that having staff that look good and/or sound right not only helped companies create a distinct image on the high street but also provided competitive advantage for their companies in the crowded hospitality industries. The study revealed that companies in the service sector desired and developed employees who could become the physical embodiment of the image and personality of their companies. As one respondent stated about her company’s recruitment and selection, they want: ‘†¦ people that look the part †¦ fit in with the whole concept of the hotel’ (Nickson et al. , 2001: 180). On a practical level, this strategy, featuring a ‘style of service’ is intend to have workers create competitive advantage for employers in often highly competitive markets either by simply positively appealing to the senses of customer-by having pleasing looking staff-or by embodying the prescribed corporate image-employees as ‘walking billboard’. To affect this possibility, employers need to regulate the sight and/ or sound and their workers (most obviously). This regulation also has a conceptual dimension, for a double shift has occurred as services have displaced manufacturing. The first and most cited shift is a quantitative one: the increase in the number of jobs now provided by services. The second shift is qualitative and less appreciated: the nature of work with service jobs has change. In hospitality, employers seek employees with personal characteristics likely to make them act spontaneous and perform effectively. Soft skills or self-presentation skills are more important selection criteria than technical skills for employers (Scottish Centre for Employment Research, 2004). To discern such characteristics and attributes most employers from the surveyed organisation relied on the so-called ‘class trio’ of application forms and/ or CVs, interviews and references. The interview remains a popular method with manager and applicants alike as it is simple, quick and cheap-despite reliability concern. In recognizing the labour of aesthetics and its importance to employers, academics are playing catch up. Employers, even if not a corporate strategy of aesthetic labour, want presentable employees with aesthetic appeal. In hospitality, there is a clear pattern of employers’ skill demands. Jackson et al. (2002) point out in their analysis of sales and personal services’ job advertisements that the skills stated as necessary by employers are social skills and personal characteristics’. Likewise, a recent examination of nearly 100 human resource professionals in the USA responsible for hiring entry-level hospitality industry employees revealed that the top two criteria were: ‘pride in appearance’ and ‘good attitude’ (Martin and Grove, 2002) The emergence of these new skill raise a number of issue about training: firstly where aesthetic skills are formed; secondly if and if so how, such skills may be accredited and trained. All organizations train staff. Most of this training is centred on that mandated, and for all employees: health and safety for example. Such training is a feature of the hospitality industry. Beyond that which is mandatory, other than for management and professional staff, training is relatively poor at least in UK. Training for part-time workers, who feature heavily in the hospitality workplace, is particular weak. With the decline of manufacturing and the rise in service jobs, and the demised of training featuring physical dexterity and technical ‘know how’, where it does occur the training emphasis has also shifted. Training is provided in customer service skills, instructing employees in body language, verbal interaction with customer (what to say and how to say it) and dress codes and uniform standards.

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND DRUGS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND DRUGS - Research Paper Example Research statement Is there an association between drugs and juvenile delinquency? Introduction Criminal behavior and delinquency among young people as they transit from childhood to adulthood is rising and is currently a public challenge in most countries in the world. Experts opine that such a problem has soared because of collapsing social relations that lay a basic foundation for smooth transition. Factors contributing to this challenge are extended maturity gap, restructuring of the labor market and limited opportunities for turning into an independent adult. Other factors include rapid growth of population, unavailability of support and housing services, unemployment, overcrowding, family disintegration, poverty, ineffective educational systems, child abuse, decline in local authorities and underemployment (World Youth Report, 2003). Due to these and several other factors, more and more young people are getting involved in illegal activities, criminal offenses and drug abuse. J uvenile delinquency and drug abuse are strongly interlinked. ... Methodology In order to retrieve useful articles for research in this topic, the electronic database used was â€Å"Google Scholar†. The words â€Å"juvenile delinquency† and â€Å"drugs† were typed in the search brackets. For more wider search, â€Å"criminal behavior† and â€Å"drugs† also were typed in another search. Several articles were displayed in the search result. After going through the abstracts, 3 articles were selected for the purpose of research review. Based on these, the following review was prepared. The articles retrieved are provided under the reference section. Literature review Substance abuse in young people can lead to several problems like anti-social attitudes, juvenile delinquency and health problems. The problems not only affect the young individual, but also the community, family and the society of the individual (World Youth Report, 2003). There is enough evidence to suggest that earlier the drug use is initiated, more likely is the individual to develop drug related problems in life. According to the Monitoring Future Study of 2008, "19.6% of eighth graders, 34.1% of tenth graders, and 47.4% of twelfth graders use any illicit drug within their lifetimes." Thus, the soaring rise of drug abuse among youngsters has contributed to increased anti-social attitudes, criminal behavior and delinquency in this population. According to the Uniform Crime Reporting Program of FBI, in 2007, 109,444 individuals under 18 years of age were arrested by various law enforcement agencies. In the year 2004, 1.9 percent of drug arrests made were under 19 years of age. According to the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring